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NAD⁺ is an essential coenzyme present in all living cells, functioning as a key electron carrier in redox reactions and playing a central role in cellular metabolic processes. Existing in both its oxidized (NAD⁺) and reduced (NADH) states, it is widely studied for its involvement in mitochondrial activity, sirtuin-mediated pathways, and DNA-repair mechanisms. In laboratory research, NAD⁺ is frequently used to investigate energy homeostasis, enzyme-driven reactions, and cellular pathways associated with aging and metabolic regulation.